Delta Song Case Analysis - 834 Words

Delta Song Case Analysis Possible cost drivers that will allow us to estimate a salary cost function for Delta are: available seat miles, number of departures, available ton miles, revenue passenger miles, and revenue ton miles. The two cost drivers we chose were revenue passenger miles and available ton miles. The salaries consist of payments to pilots, flight attendants and ticket agents. Their salaries are determined by the number of passengers and cargoes and the miles or hours flown. This is why we chose revenue passenger miles and available ton miles. After calculation we found that the R2 of revenue passenger miles is .1764, and the R2 of available ton miles is .5577. We used scatter plots to show this: The available ton miles†¦show more content†¦However, it shouldn’t become a major concern for song because security costs can be expected amid the whole industry. Salary Cost for Jet Blue According to Question 1, available ton miles should be used to estimate the salary cost. However, available ton miles of 2002 Q3 are low. We drew a scatter plot to show this: In this situation, available ton miles and salaries are not linear. The scatter plot of revenue passenger miles and salaries is as follows: Revenue passenger miles and salaries are quite linear. We use the high low method technique to estimate the salary cost with revenue passenger miles as cost driver. Low point (599.4, 16000), high point (2016.2,49000) Salary=23.29xrevenue passenger miles+2038.83 Estimating the salaries cost for Delta Song in its first year To estimate the salaries cost of Song, we used the historical salaries cost of JetBlue to predict Song’s salary because Song does not have any historical data for reference. We assumed that Song can achieve the same revenue passenger miles as JetBlue in every quarter, and Jetblue’s salaries are linear with time series. To determine Song’s salary, three deviations must be taken into consideration: ï‚ · Song pilots’ per hour wage are $100 more than those of JetBlue on average. We numbered each quarter in 2001 and 2002 from 1 to 8, and made simple regression between the time series and revenue air hoursShow MoreRelatedDelta Airline Case1312 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of Case In the case study changing Dynamics of the U.S. Airline industry were discuss and dealt with. Between 2001 and 2005, Delta Airlines, the third largest U.S. Airline, lost $10 billion. Delta wanted to increase its liquidity so they decided to sell its subsidiary Atlantic Southeast Airlines to Sky West Airline for $425 million in August 2005. Analysts believed that Delta was on the merge of bankruptcy. The Civil Aeronautics Board 9cab) imposed major restriction on marketing entry andRead More3 OClock Blues Analysis Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"3 O’Clock Blues†, as performed by BB King An analysis BB King is undoubtedly one of the greatest blues musicians, and an equally unparalleled pioneer of guitar music. Brought up in the midst of poverty, strife, and struggle of the rural Mississippi Delta, King experienced great hardships from a young age, and used this as a source of inspiration for much of his later music (King Ritz, 1996). King’s celebrated music career emerged from very modest beginnings. At the age of 18, King startedRead MoreThe Music Of Charley Patton938 Words   |  4 Pages John Fahey’s 1966 masters thesis A textual and musicological analysis of the repertoire of Charley Patton has the distinction of being the first book-length analysis of the music of Charley Patton. Fahey’s text focused primarily on assembling the historical facts of Patton’s life, while the analytical portions —written with the aid of Dr. David Morton, UCLA —-focused on systematizing Patton’s repertoire based on modal constructs present in his vocal melodies. Fahey’s biographical information focusedRead MoreThe Pulse Of The People1245 Words   |  5 PagesAnd finally in 2009 received her doctoral degree at Ohio State University in the Political Science. While she attended Winthrop University she was the youngest to be awarded for Pat on the Back Volunteer state-wide. A nd she became a proud member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority while in college (Georgia State University). Dr. Bonnette research is based upon pop culture, political behavior, black women and politics, political attitudes, African-American politics and public opinion (Georgia State University)Read More Black Music and the Civil Rights Movement Essay3856 Words   |  16 Pages On July 5, 1954, forty-nine days after the Supreme Court handed down the decision on the Brown vs. Board of Education case, a nineteen year old truck driver recorded an Arthur Crudup blues track called â€Å"That’s All Right Mama† (Bertrand 46). Memphis disc jockey Dewey Phillips found the cut and played it on his radio show a few weeks later. He received calls all over from people, mostly white, who wanted to hear more. He quickly located the musician and brought him into the studio forRead MoreComarison Between Delta and Southwest Airlines4159 Words   |  17 Pagestask of comparing 2 different airlines, one being a full service carrier and the other being a lost cost carrier, from United States of America, namely the Delta Airlines and South West Airlines. The points of comparison were market strategies, financial benefits, load factors, contrasting yield, revenues and passenger/cargo loads. The analysis was done on the business model and a long term strategy. Through this it would be known that which airline is performing better than the other. The disruptionRead MoreCase Study Analysis Of Jetblue Airliness Ice Storm 1556 Words   |  7 PagesCase Analysis of JetBlue Airlines 2007’s Ice Storm JetBlue Airlines today is known for their low-cost flights and many in-flight perks, such as free TV channels, and overall has become a favorite of many travelers because of the more pleasant flight experience JetBlue can provide. In 2007, about 9 years from when they started, an ice storm in New York tested JetBlue’s mission to be a different kind of airline when the weather caused many delays and a bottleneck of troubles at the gates of the airportRead MoreJetblue Case Study2073 Words   |  9 PagesJetBlue and Song: Competitive Rivalry between Low-Cost Carriers Case Analysis 2 Kathleen Quicho Prof. Rosalinda B. Lacerona Faculty, MGE 11A Time Context 2013 (Present) JetBlue is a United States domestic airline company who operates on a  low-cost principle which translates into cheaper airfares to its customers. In February 2007 JetBlue underwent a  particular event that could have been its last. Since its beginning in 1998 JetBlue became the 11th  largest company in the industryRead MoreSkywest Inc4340 Words   |  18 PagesCase 6 : Sky West Inc. and the Regional Airline Industry 1. à ¸â€ºÃ  ¸ £Ã  ¸ °Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸â€¢Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â€žÃ  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¹â€¡Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â€šÃ  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ ©Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸â€"à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ °Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€žÃ  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £ à ¸ ­Ã  ¸ ¸Ã  ¸â€¢Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ «Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ² à ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸ «Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¸ £Ã  ¸ °Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ ¨Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ «Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸â„¢ 3 à ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ©Ã  ¸â€œÃ  ¸ ° à ¹Æ'à ¸ «Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸  Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸â€¢Ã  ¹â€° Business Model à ¸â€"à ¸ µÃ  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸â€¢Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸â„¢ à ¸â€žÃ  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­ 1. à ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹ Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸Å¡ Network Carriers à ¸ «Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ ¶Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸  à ¸ «Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­ legacy carriersà ¹Æ'à ¸ «Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¹â€¡Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹ Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸Å¡ Hub-and-Spoke à ¹â€šÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€¢Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¸ µ 2007 à ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢ United, Northwest, American, Continental à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ° Delta à ¸â€"à ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¹â€¡Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ µÃ  ¹Ë†Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸ «Ã  ¸ Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ µÃ  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ¸Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ¸Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¹â€° à ¹Æ'à ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¸ µ 2005 à ¸ £Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¹â€žÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸â€šÃ  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ ±Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸â€¡Read MoreHow Music Has Changed Our Own Individual Choices1986 Words   |  8 Pagesbased on things like age, gender, geographical location, and etcetera? If the answer is no, are they capable of being measured? After all, even the great Beethoven once said, â€Å"Music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy.† If this is the case, how could we possibly come to philosophizing an answer? In attempts to narrow this down, I have scheduled and conducted a number of interviews with some of the most exquisite and unique music connoisseurs. Ones who also just so happen to be in my

Octavius The Savior Of Rome - 1339 Words

Octavius, later known as Augustus, became the most powerful Roman emperor in war and peace and was often known as the savior of Rome. Octavius wanted the Roman empire to be the greatest of all time. This made him do whatever it took to make sure he accomplished that. Octavius did not act like a normal emperor, he was quite humble in the way he ruled. He knew what he had to do to win political battles and physical battles. He was quite smart in the way he became the greatest emperor Rome has ever seen. Octavius became the most powerful Roman emperor in war and peace because of his drive to make Rome the greatest empire anyone had ever seen. First of all, Octavius kept people happy by being a great but humble leader. To mask his tyranny,†¦show more content†¦Cicero, a Republican writer who supported the Republic, protested the Triumvirate. Octavius and Antony joined forces and expelled Cicero, who consequently committed suicide. Antony and Octavius would soon team up to try an d gain more land for themselves in alliance. In Philippi 42 B.C.E. a battle commenced. Marc Antony and Octavius, who had 223,000 soldiers, battled Brutus, Cassius, and their army of 187,000 soldiers. Antony and Octavius crushed Brutus quite easily. Brutus then committed suicide. This opened more rule for Octavius and Antony in Rome, but they still needed to get rid of Sextus Pompey. Sextus Pompey was stationed in Sicily at the time, and Octavius and Antony declared battle of Sextus and his army. After a huge win at Naulochus in 36 B.C.E., which involved almost 600 ships in battle, Sextus fled to Turkey. Sextus was executed in 35 B.C.E with no trial needed. This caused the disposing of Lepidus and he was exiled and 36 B.C.E. Octavius knew that this triumvirate would eventually split, but he used the alliance to his advantage. He knew that battling with Marc Antony would set up a battle for full control between them in the long run. This ended up being a huge part of how Octavius came to power in Rome, and was quite clever. The power in Rome was now split into two separate parts. Octavius was in control of the western part of Rome, while Marc Antony was in control of the eastern part ofShow MoreRelatedGaius Octavius: The Savior of Shakespeares Julius Caesar835 Words   |  3 PagesA savior as defined by Merriam-Webster is, â€Å"one that saves from danger or destruction.† This term describes Gaius Octavius in more than one way or instance; Octavius helps to rid Rome of the evil conspirators, and Octavius is the emperor who rebuilds Rome. Readers and viewers of Shakespeares play don’t get a clear and drawn out view of Octavius as he doesn’t appear for much of the play. A reason isn’t given in the play, but history reveals that he is off traveling the world. Octavius takes advantageRead MoreChristianity Rose During The First Century After Christ s Death2791 Words   |  12 Pagesrelieved all of their sins. After his death, the religion of Christianity was created, which e ntailed that a person believed in one god and believed in Jesus Christ. During the first few centuries, apostles, such as Paul, introduced Christianity to Rome and showed developing Christians the way to divine acceptance from one god. However, as Christianity advanced, it faced a lot of difficulties, and even worse, persecution. During the first and second centuries, Roman’s persecutions were isolatedRead MoreComparision of Alexander the Great and Augustus Ceasar2530 Words   |  10 Pagesthought of himself as the son of Greek god Zeus. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome who brought peace and stability to the Roman Empire. He was the grandson of the sister of Julius Caesar. His original name was Caius Octavius, but when he was adopted by the Julian gens (44 B.C.) he became Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian). He was named (given the title) Augustus later when he became the First Emperor or Rome by the senate. Augustus was seen as both a military leader as well as a religiousRead MoreThe Statue Of Augustus Of Pimaporta1898 Words   |  8 Pagesright foot and therefore increase your chances of getting the job. The relevance that this example has to the sculpture is that just like you would want to give a good first impression, the sculptor wanted to make sure we saw Augustus the way all of Rome saw him. In the statue of Augustus of Prima porta, Augustus is standing straight, right foot in front and left foot back slightly lifting his heel. This pose gives us a sense that Augustus was very graceful, angelical almost. It looks like he is walkingRead MoreEssay Ravenna2674 Words   |  11 Pagesdiscovery of Etruscan artifacts while historiographers insist that the Umbrians were the first established people (7). Little is known about Ravennas history until the end of the third century BC when it fell completely under the influence of Rome. Though the city lacked the agricultural strength that normally drew the attention of the Romans, Ravennas strategic location was the basis of its appeal. Its close proximity to the sea allowed for direct access to both necessities and reinforcements

Personal Narrative An Eye Opener - 1063 Words

An Eye Opener Have you ever been in a crowded room of people, picked out a random person and noticed something unique about them? If I were in a room with strangers about eighty percent of them would wonder or question what happened to my eye. When I actually talk to people I often get asked if it s a lazy eye. That then leads to me explaining what happened. A tragic event happens to make for an unforgettable day. After three surgeries, countless doctor appointments in Omaha, and eleven years later, I still remember. It was the middle of July and I was living in Cambridge, Nebraska at the time. I lived in the same house my whole life, but my mom recently decided to add on a deck to the front. It was hot outside, reaching†¦show more content†¦My intentions were to turn it all the way right and turn it off. At that point, I realized the top of my foot felt like fire. I was screaming and jumping, forgetting I was still in the shower. I slipped, fell forward onto the shower dive rter, where my eye happened to land perfectly on it and cut my eyelid. My eyelid wasn t quite all the way off but just barely dangling by the outside corner edge. I had so much adrenaline I could not feel a thing, not even my foot. Immediately when it happened I screamed, even louder than the first time, so loud my parents outside heard me. They were fast but my sister Deidra still beat them to what looked like a crime scene. She couldn t even believe her own eyes and she left so quickly to go get help. I remember not being able to see out of my eye because it was just part of my eyelid hanging with blood dripping constantly. I will never forget the horrified looks though. Deidra left and in a matter of five seconds Hailey showed up with the same reaction. She stared and stared but then my mom came in. Her brave face kept me calm. My mom handed me a white and blue washrag to put over my eye. There was no time to get me dressed so my dad wrapped me up in a big, fluffy pink towel and we sped off the emergency room that was not even 2 miles away. When we arrived the doctors there said: There is nothing we can do for her here, you have to take her to Kearney. So there I was, wrapped in a pink towel with a blue washrag over my eyeShow MoreRelated â€Å"Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave† Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesThe narrative essay of the â€Å"Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave† describes personal accounts Paul experienced as a slave. Cruel and unjust treatment done to him by his masters gave him to a strong desire to learn how to read and write in any possible way by being resourceful and be determined to learn. 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Philosophy for Euthanasia and the Right - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePhilosophy for Euthanasia and the Right. Answer: Introduction It is to be mentioned that Euthanasia is the act of ending a persons life voluntarily to relieve the same from suffering (Chambaere et al., 2015). The Euthanasia laws of different countries vary. It is to be mentioned that Euthanasia and assisted suicides are completely different and are intended to be treated differently. A doctor giving a terminally ill patient an overdose of a drug to relive the patient of his sufferings and end his life can constitute euthanasia (Letwin et al., 2016). On the other hand if a terminally ill patient is given access to sedatives by an acquaintance of the patient knowing the fact that the patient can overdose on the drug to relieve himself from the suffering of his illness will constitute assisted suicide. Euthanasia and the Right to Die It can be noted that the main stakeholders of the right to die and Euthanasia are the ones who suffer from terminal illness and those who suffer from mental trauma and depression. The question of whether Euthanasia or the right of persons to voluntarily end their lives should be legal and valid is subject to a lot of interpretation and is debatable. The legal provisions of assisted suicide and Euthanasia are different (Emanuel, 2016). It is to be mentioned that Assisted Suicide is illegal and is punishable by up to fourteen years of imprisonment according to the Suicide Act(1961). However it is to be mentioned that act of ending a persons life by himself will not be considered to be a criminal act. It is to be mentioned that Euthanasia can be of two types; voluntary euthanasia- where the consent of the individual willing to end his life is obtained and involuntary Euthanasia where the consent of the individual willing to end his life is not obtained. It is to be stated while volunta ry Euthanasia is legal in some countries, involuntary Euthanasia is considered illegal in all countries. The Right to die is concept which is based on the belief that individuals should have the right to end their lives if they deem it necessary under voluntary Euthanasia (Somerville, 2014). It is to be mentioned that the right of the individuals to end their lives is generally possessed by the people who are suffering from terminal illness and who longer wish to endure the pain and suffering. However it is to be mentioned that whether individuals should be empowered with the right to die is subject to a lot of debate. It is to be mentioned that the main supporters of this theory state that an individuals body and life are his own and therefore the right to end his life is also his decision. However, the legislation of different countries has different provisions regarding the right to die and Euthanasia to prevent irrational suicides. Utilitarianism Theory: Right to die It is to be noted that Utilitarianism is the ethical theory which states that the actions of individuals should be based on the utility (Albee, 2014). Thus to interpret this theory, it can be stated that individuals should focus on which what derives maximum utility for them instead of what is morally correct and upright. It is to be mentioned that Utilitarianism takes into account the Utility of the actions of individuals which is a sum of all the pleasures, sentiment and well-being of the individuals (Alon Lehrer, 2017). The supporters of this theory hold that happiness is the only good and individuals should target the achievement of happiness as consequence of their actions. According to this theory, the right to die should be, granted to terminally ill patients who no longer wish to endure the pain and suffering. The Utilitarianism theory in this context can be applied to achieve the ultimate happiness of the individuals, which is relief from the unbearable pain and suffering (Barrow, 2015). It is to be mentioned those who choose to end their lives to end the pain and suffering consider death to be the ultimate and final source of their well being. However this theory will not apply to the case of mentally unstable people or people suffering from mental illness as they cannot assess the consequences of their decisions. It can be noted that this theory justifies the maximization of utility which in this case is death for the terminally ill patients. However the principle of this theory can be misinterpreted by people who are suicidal or are suffering from depression or mental trauma and they can opt for the easy way of reliving depression by committing s uicide without thinking about the consequences of their actions Kantian Ethics Theory:Right to die According to this deontological theory it can be stated the action of an individual can only be good if the same is governed by a moral duty (Cline, 2014). The principle of this theory states that for an action to be considered permissible and morally correct, it must be applicable to all the people without any exceptions. It is to be noted that according to this theory, it is not morally correct to end a life voluntarily by a person. Therefore it can be said that Euthanasia, assisted suicide and suicide are not permissible by the aforementioned theory. It is to be mentioned that the main principle of Kants theory is the applicable to all individuals. Therefore is if killing is considered to be evil, the act of ending a life is also considered to evil even if the same is done voluntarily. If the right of individuals to end their lives is to be analyzed in the light of the aforementioned theory it is to be stated that the intention of the act is more important than the act itself. Some people believe that since the primary principle of this theory is universal applicability, if a person is granted the right to end his voluntarily due to terminal illness, the society might decide that the fate of the unfortunate and incompetent members of the society should be the same as they do not contribute to the so ciety. This theory suffers from certain drawbacks as well. It imposes a moral duty on the terminally people of carrying on their live even if they are in great physical pain and distress. The right to ultimate relief from pain and suffering is denied to them. Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that the Right to die and Euthanasia are relative concepts and are subject to a lot of debate. The laws of Euthanasia and right to die are different n different countries of the world. The main stakeholders of right to die are the patients who are suffering from terminal illness who wish to end their lives to relieve themselves from the pain and people who wish to end their lives due to suffering from depression. It can be said that according to the Utilitarianism theory, the right to die should be granted to terminally ill patients who no longer wish to endure the pain and suffering but the same should not be provided to mentally unstable people and people who are suffering mental illness. However according to the Kants theory it is not morally correct to end a life voluntarily by a person. It can be said that Euthanasia, assisted suicide and suicide are not permissible by the aforementioned theory. Reference List: Albee, E. (2014).A history of English utilitarianism(Vol. 1). Routledge. Alon, S., Lehrer, E. (2017). Subjective Utilitarianism: Decisions in a social context. Barrow, R. (2015).Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Chambaere, K., Vander Stichele, R., Mortier, F., Cohen, J., Deliens, L. (2015). Recent trends in euthanasia and other end-of-life practices in Belgium.New England Journal of Medicine,372(12), 1179-1181. Cline, A. (2014). Deontology and Ethics: What is Deontology.Deontological Ethics. Emanuel, E. J., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Urwin, J. W., Cohen, J. (2016). Attitudes and practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe.Jama,316(1), 79-90. Letwin, C., Wo, D., Folger, R., Rice, D., Taylor, R., Richard, B., Taylor, S. (2016). The right and the good in ethical leadership: Implications for supervisors performance and promotability evaluations.Journal of Business Ethics,137(4), 743-755. Somerville, M. (2014).Death talk: the case against euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP.

Mobile Phone and Music free essay sample

The companys catalogue includes arioso tracks and mobile music derivatives. Its online music stores are distributed through soundboard and Windows Media Player 10. The company was founded in 1999 and is headquartered in Singapore. Singapore. The number you just called is not in use. Thank you. Ringing the SoundBits headquarters hotlist got us nowhere, confirming that its doors have been shuttered in preparation for its pending closure.On the SoundBits site, a notice tells readers that the music downloads site will closing down on July 15, I may not be a regular user of Its online store, but first came across SoundBits hen a coupon for a couple of free song downloads fell out as I was unfixing my IAMB Creative Move TX player way back then. Yup, the online store has around that long, and news of its upcoming closure evoked sweet nostalgia and that song Video Killed the Radio Star, which describes a singer whose career is cut short by TV. Founded in 1999. The company was one of the first online music stores in Singapore legalizing music downloads. In the face of rampant piracy, this was already a struggle for the site. However, keeping relevant became increasingly difficult as mobile phone ants like Monika, Sony Ericson, even Apple started to launch their own music download stores or partner with telecoms for one. Motorola, which bought SoundBits in 2008, was to have been its trump card. However, even the us company wasnt able to help Itself when Its mobile phone and Momentous business started to falter In the face of aggressive competition and the current downturn.Motorola had acquired SoundBits originally to expand Its Momentous service out of China and Into the rest of Asia. Before Its closure announcement, SoundBits operated in the Southeast Asia region, Australia, Hong Kong, India and China. The Singapore companys history is far from whimsical. In 2000, SoundBits formed a partnership with Locos Asia to provide the portal with downloaded digital music. It also attracted Creative which took a 18 percent stake in the company.Creative went on to launch the SoundBits Music Video Store in 2005, with partners that Included Millionths Group in Australia, and Singlet and MI in Singapore. Its an ironic end for a company that held its own ground when it came out selling legit music in 1999, a year when services such as Aziza and Anapest were famous for providing free music and survived the dotcom bust in 2001. As a final service to its customers, SoundBits advises its customers to back up their songs into an audio CD before it shuts down for good on July 15. Hat can we say but so long, SoundBits, and thanks for all the.. . Music. SoundBits, one of the first online music sources in Singapore, is officially shutting its store commonly 1 5, even as more online music stores are opening with a wave of optimism surrounding music downloads. In a note to subscribers last Friday, as well as on its website, the company said everything will be taken down after July 1 5 midnight, marking a sorry end to a bright dot. Mom poster boy of yesteryear.The closure will come Just 18 months after Motorola said it was acquiring the Singapore- based SoundBits, in a bid to boost its Momentous service and sell its music-enabled phones. The service had been launched in India in June 2008, though prices were still higher than what you could get with a CD, which offered higher-quality music. Along Ninth the dramatic demise of Motorolas mobile phone business in the past two years, SoundBits now also faces closure of its own. Its an ironic end for a company that seemed ahead of its time when it came out selling legit music in 1999 at the dawn f illegal downloads.Many were surprised at the time, when SoundBits CEO Shadbush Cornwall, a former MET stalwart, managed to court the music labels even when they were more interested in blocking people from ripping CDC. Its music collection was built up very fast, providing users in Singapore with a legit alternative to pirated songs. But soon, the competition came for Suds and his company. Rough Apple tunes is still not officially here in Singapore now, Monika has recently launched its music store here. And Sony Ericson too, has partnered Singlet to offer a direct-to-mobile music download service. SoundBits, meanwhile, was a much smaller player and had a less extensive music collection. Plus, it somehow only supported the Internet Explorer browser, likely because of its Windows Media back- end, which kept out a lot of users. The final nail in the coffin must have been its sale to Motorola, a company that invented the cellophane and won millions over with the Iconic Razz phone, but somehow still managed to lose direction in its cellophane business thanks to poor management and decision-making.Before SoundBits shuts its store, it advises users to download and back up all the stuff they bought. Users should burn the tracks into CDC, because they would not be available for re- download and no licenses will be given for them should you transfer your songs to new PC or hard disk. According to SoundBits: We recommend that you burn these songs (in CD-Audio format using Windows Media Player or other compatible software media players) to a CD-R so that you have back up of your tracks a nd can enjoy them over time.Further downloads or license May easier, legit and DRUM-free music take your place. SINGAPORE, Jan. 7 / Previews-Piratical/ Motorola, Inc. (NYSE: MOT) today announced that it has signed a definitive agreement to acquire SoundBits Pet. Ltd. , a privately held, leading pan-Asian music provider. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed. The acquisition, which is subject to customary conditions, is expected to close in the first quarter of 2008. Through its MOMENTOUS service, Motorola has more than two years experience delivering mobile music to consumers with its carrier customers in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The acquisition of SoundBits allows Motorola to expand MOMENTOUS beyond China, into India, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. With well over 0 percent of all digital music content in Asia sold via mobile channels, a level expected to remain in the coming years, Motorolas strength in music delivery will help its carrier customers access this growth opportunity.Soundnesss multi-region music delivery platform enables the purchase and distribution of digital content through over-the-air and wired broadband connections. The companys end-to-end system includes subscriber management, content management, payment, client software and media delivery technologies. The company maintains a consumer-facing brand, SoundBits, and will continue to revive white-label services to carrier customers that offer tailored solutions for Multimedia delivery. We are very pleased to announce this transaction with SoundBits. It will provide Motorola with one of the most extensive music libraries in the Asia Pacific region, advance our music and video offerings in Australia and South East Asia, and build on the success of our MITOSIS Services in China, said Bill Werner, senior vice president, future solutions and technology for mobile devices. We are delighted to Unwelcome Soundnesss strong management whose extensive region specific experience in the music and video industries will enhance the strength of our mobile device teams. Motorolas dedication to enhancing the digital music experience in Asia complements our own objectives and makes it the ideal partner, said Shadbush Cornwall, CEO of SoundBits. This combination will help us extend our platform and create exciting growth opportunities for Soundnesss employees and our partner music labels. Further, our customers will benefit from the technological advancements that we expect to deliver as part of a global leader in mobile communications. Headquarter ed in Singapore, SoundBits has access to one of the most extensive music libraries in the Asia-Pacific region, through licenses from Sony BMW, MI, Manner Music International and Universal Music Group, as well as over 45 Independent record labels in Asia, the U. S. And Europe. Motorola intends to maintain Soundnesss Singapore headquarters, which will be an integral component About SoundBits SoundBits is Saiss largest online and mobile music company, with its 50-plus collective stores attracting the majority of online and wireless purchases. The company operates its own store, http://www. Undoubted. Mom, as well as providing content and/or technology infrastructure to partners such as Hutchison 3, Motorola, Airtime, Singlet, MI, Opts Zoo, Tellers, Bighorn Music, Windows Media Player 10, Creative Technology and SONY BMW. With more than 750,000 tracks available to download, SoundBits is a one-stop- shop for music, where music lovers can buy and download their favorite tracks onto their PCs, portable music players and mobile phones. About Motorola Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications. Inspired by our vision of seamless mobility, the people of Motorola are committed to helping you connect simply and seamlessly to the people, information, and entertainment that you want and need. We do this by designing and delivering must have products, must do experiences and powerful networks along with a full complement of support services. A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of US $42. 8 billion in 2006. For more information about our company, our people and our innovations, please visit http://www. Troll. Com. Business Risks Certain statements contained in this press release, including the expected imitable for completing the proposed transaction between Motorola and SoundBits, future financial and operating results, benefits and synergies of the transaction, future opportunities for the combined company and products, any other statements regarding Motorolas or Soundnesss future expectations, beliefs, goals or prospects and any statements that are not statements of historical facts might be considered forward-looking statements.While these forward-looking statements represent managements current Judgment of future events, they are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those dated in the forward-looking statements.

Sample College Essay for College Admissions

Sample College Essay for College AdmissionsWhen writing a sample college essay for college admissions purposes, your goal is to be brief and simple. This will ensure that your essay is short, sweet, and to the point, which is what it should be.It has been said that many different students have different reasons for writing an essay. Most students use it as a first attempt at writing an essay for college. Some of them, however, find that they don't have the time, the motivation, or the ability to write an essay that is this complex.Many colleges are looking for essays that are shorter but still provide insight into the student's reasoning and ability to use words properly. You may even be writing a college essay for college because you need to appear in college admissions and need to get into college. Writing a simple and brief one will help you get into college, which will help you get into the school you want to go to.College is very competitive, and the expectations are high. Your goal is to stand out among all the other applications you receive. Writing a simple, short, and informative essay can help you stand out from the crowd. A short essay helps you appear in college admissions.When writing a college essay, it is a good idea to study the expectations for a typical college essay. The following are some of the commonly accepted rules:In order to make the essay easier to write, focus on brief academic facts and interesting, valid examples. Always include citations of sources to back up any information in your essay.When writing a college essay, you should follow up your main ideas with summary information that is written in the first paragraph. Use a very short and simple introduction to provide a brief description of yourself, as well as where you hope to be in your life.Texas is a very large state. If you have a passion for something, you can also write about that. If you have experience in a certain area, write about that as well.

Fraternities and Rape on Campus Essay Example

Fraternities and Rape on Campus Essay Thesis statement: Despite widespread knowledge that fraternity members are frequently involved in the sexual assaults of women, fraternities are rarely studied as social contexts-groups and organizations-that encourage the sexual coercionof women. An analysis of the normsand dynamicsof the social construction of fraternity brotherhoodreveals the highly masculinistfeatures of fraternitystructureand process, includingconcern with a narrow,stereotypicalconceptionof masculinity and heterosexuality;a preoccupation with loyalty, protection of the group, and secrecy; the use of alcohol as a weapon against women’ssexual reluctance;the pervasiveness of violence and physicalforce; and an obsession withcompetition,superiority,and dominance. Interfraternityrivalry and competition-particularly over members, intramuralsports, and women-encourage fraternitymen’scommodification women. Weconclude thatfraternities of will continue to violate womensocially and sexually unless they change in fundamentalways. Rapes are perpetrated on dates, at parties, in chance encounters, and in specially planned circumstances. That group structure and processes, rather than individual values or characteristics, are the impetus for many rape episodes was documented by Blanchard (1959) 30 years ago (also see Geis 1971), yet sociologists have failed to pursue this theme (for an exception, see Chancer 1987). We will write a custom essay sample on Fraternities and Rape on Campus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fraternities and Rape on Campus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fraternities and Rape on Campus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A recent review of research (Muehlenhard and Linton 1987) on sexual violence, or rape, devotes only a few pages to the situational AUTHORS’ NOTE: WegratefullythankMeena Harris and Diane Mennellafor assisting with data collection. The senior author thanks the graduate students in her fall 1988 graduate research methods seminarfor help with developing the initial conceptual framework. Judith Lorberand two anonymousGender Societyrefereesmadenumerous suggestionsforimproving our article and we thankthemalso. REPRINT REQUESTS: Patricia Yancey Martin, Department of Sociology, Florida State University,Tallahassee,FL 32306-2011. GENDER SOCIETY,Vol. 3 No. 4, December 1989 457-473 ? 1989 Sociologists for Womenin Society 457 458 (ENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 contextsof rapeevents, andthese areconceptualizedas potentialriskfactors social contexts. for individualsratherthan qualitiesof rape-prone Many rapes, far more than come to the public’s attention, occur in houses on college and universitycampuses,yet little researchhas fraternity analyzed fraternitiesat American colleges and universities as rape-prone contexts (cf. Ehrhart Sandler1985). Most of the researchon fraternities and reports on samples of individual fraternitymen. One group of studies compares the values, attitudes,perceptions,family socioeconomic status, psychological traits (aggressiveness, dependence),and so on, of fraternity and nonfraterity men (Bohrnstedt1969;Fox, Hodge,andWard1987; Kanin 1967; Lemire 1979; Miller 1973). A second group attemptsto identify the effects of fraternitymembershipover time on the values, attitudes,beliefs, or moral precepts of members (Hughes and Winston 1987; Marlowe and Auvenshine 1982; Miller 1973; Wilder, Hoyt, Doren, Hauck, and Zettle 1978; Wilder,Hoyt, Surbeck,Wilder,and Carney1986). Withminorexceptions, little research addresses the group and organizationalcontext of fraternitiesor the social constructionof fraternitylife (for exceptions, see Letchworth1969; Longino and Kart1973; Smith 1964). Gary Tash, writing as an alumnus and trial attorneyin his fraternity’s magazine,claims thatover 90 percentof all gang rapeson college campuses men (1988, p. 2). Tashprovidesno evidence to substantiate involve fraternity this claim, butstudentsof violence againstwomen havebeen concernedwith fraternitymen’s frequentlyreportedinvolvement in rape episodes (Adams and and Abarbanel1988). Ehrhart Sandler(1985) identify over 50 cases of on campusperpetrated fraternity men, andtheiranalysispoints by gang rapes to many of the conditions that we discuss here. Their analysis is uniquein focusing on conditions in fraternitiesthat make gang rapes of women by fraternitymen both feasible and probable. They identify excessive alcohol of use, isolationfrom externalmonitoring,treatment women as prey,use of approvalof violence, andexcessive concernwith competition pornography, conditionsto gang rape(also see Merton1985; Roark1987). s precipitating The study reportedhere confirmedand complementedthese findings by focusing on both conditions and processes. We examineddynamicsassociated with the social constructionof fraternity life, with a focus on processes men’s relations that foster the use of coercion, includingrape, in fraternity with women. Our examinationof men’s social fraternitieson college and university campuses as groups and organizationsled us to conclude that fraternitiesare a physical and sociocultural context that encourages the are sexual coercion of women. We make no claims thatall fraternities â€Å"bad† or that all fraternitymen are rapists. Our observationsindicated,however, Martin, Hummer / FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 459 that rape is especially probable in fraternitiesbecause of the kinds of organizationsthey are, the kinds of membersthey have, the practicestheir members engage in, and a virtual absence of university or community oversight. Analyses that lay blame for rapes by fraternitymen on â€Å"peer 1989; Walsh1989). We are, pressure† we feel, overly simplistic(cf. Burkhart suggest, rather,that fraternitiescreate a socioculturalcontext in which the use of coercion in sexual relationswith women is normativeand in which the mechanismsto keep this patternof behaviorin check are minimalat best and absent at worst. We conclude that unless fraternitieschange in fundamentalways, little improvementcan be expected. METHODOLOGY Our goal was to analyze the group and organizationalpractices and an conditionsthatcreatein fraternities abusivesocial contextfor women. We a conceptualframeworkfrom an initial case study of an alleged developed gang rape at FloridaState University that involved four fraternitymen and an 18-year-old coed. The group rape took place on the third floor of a of house and ended with the â€Å"dumping† the woman in the hallway fraternity of a neighboring fraternityhouse. According to newspaperaccounts, the victim’s blood-alcohol concentration,when she was discovered, was . 349 percent,more than threetimes the legal limit for automobiledrivingand an almost lethal amount. One law enforcement officer reportedthat sexual intercourseoccurredduringthe time the victim was unconscious:†She was in a life-threateningsituation†(Tallahassee Democrat, 1988b). When the victim was found,she was comatoseandhad sufferedmultiplescratchesand abrasions. Crude words and a fraternitysymbol had been written on her thighs (Tampa Tribune, 1988). When law enforcement officials tried to investigate the case, fraternitymembers refused to cooperate. This led, fromcampusby the university eventually,to a five-yearban of the fraternity and by the fraternity’s nationalorganization. In tryingto understand how such an event could have occurred,and how a group of over 150 members (exact figures are unknown because the fraternityrefused to provide a membershiproster) could hold rank, deny knowledge of the event, and allegedly lie to a grand jury, we analyzed newspaperarticlesaboutthe case andconductedopen-endedinterviewswith a varietyof respondentsaboutthe case and aboutfraternities, rapes,alcohol use, genderrelations,andsexual activitieson campus. Ourdataincludedover 100 newspaperarticleson the initial gang rapecase; open-endedinterviews 460 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 ith Greek (social fraternityand sorority) and non-Greek(independent) students(N = 20); universityadministrators = 8, five men, threewomen); (N and alumniadvisersto Greekorganizations = 6). Open-endedinterviews (N were held also with judges, public and private defense attorneys,victim advocates,and state prosecutorsregardingthe processingof sexual assault cases. Datawere analyzedusing the grounde dtheorymethod(Glaser 1978; MartinandTurner1986). In the following analysis,conceptsgeneratedfrom the dataanalysisareintegrated with the literature men’s social fraternities, on sexual coercion, and relatedissues. FRATERNITIES THESOCIAL AND CONSTRUCTION OF NMEN MASCULINITY AND Ourresearchindicatedthatfraternities vitally concerned- more than are with anythingelse-with masculinity(cf. Kanin 1967). They work hardto create a macho image and context and try to avoid any suggestion of Valuedmembersdisplay,or â€Å"wimpishness,† effeminacy,andhomosexuality. arewilling to go along with, a narrow conceptionof masculinitythatstresses competition, athleticism, dominance, winning, conflict, wealth, material possessions, willingness to drink alcohol, and sexual prowess vis-a-vis women. f ValuedQualities Members When fraternitymemberstalkedaboutthe kind of pledges they prefer,a and litany of stereotypicaland narrowlymasculineattributes behaviorswas recited and feminine or woman-associatedqualities and behaviors were expressly denounced (cf. Merton 1985). Fraternitiesseek men who are â€Å"athletic,† â€Å"big guys,† good in intramuralcompetition, â€Å"who can talk college sports. â⠂¬  Males â€Å"who are willing to drink alcohol,† â€Å"who drink socially,† or â€Å"who can hold theirliquor†are sought. Alcohol and activities associatedwith the recreational of alcohol arecornerstonesof fraternity use social life. Nondrinkersare viewed with skepticismand rarelyselected for membership. ‘ Fraternities to avoid â€Å"geeks,†nerds,andmen saidto give the fraternity try a â€Å"wimpy†or â€Å"gay†reputation. Art, music, and humanitiesmajors,majors in traditional women’s fields (nursing,home economics, social work,educaor tion),menwith long hair,andthosewhose appearance dressviolate current normsarerejected. Clean-cut,handsomemenwho dresswell (areclean,neat, Martin, Hummer / FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 61 One sororitywomancommentedthat conforming,fashionable)arepreferred. â€Å"the top rankingfraternitieshave the best looking guys. † recruited â€Å"some big guys, One fraternity man, a senior,said his fraternity athletic†over a two-yearperiod to help overcome its image of wimpivery ness. His fraternity had won the interfraternity competition for hig hest several years running but was looked down on as grade-point average â€Å"wimpy, dancy, even gay. † With their bigger, more athletic recruits,†our reputationimproved;we’re a much more recognizedfraternitynow. Thus a fraternity’sreputation and status depends on members’ possession of stereotypically masculine qualities. Good grades, campus leadership,and communityservice are â€Å"nice†but masculinitydominance-for example, in athletic events, physical size of members,athleticismof members- counts most. Certainsocial skills are valued. Men are soughtwho â€Å"havegood personalities,†are friendly,and â€Å"havethe ability to relateto girls†(cf. Longinoand Kart 1973). One fraternityman, a junior,said: â€Å"Wewatch a guy [a potential pledge] talk to women †¦ we want guys who can relateto girls. Assessing a pledge’s ability to talk to women is, in part,a preoccupationwith homosexuality and a conscious avoidance of m en who seem to have effeminate mannersor qualities. If a memberis suspectedof being gay, he is ostracized A with a reputation and informallydrummedout of the fraternity. fraternity as wimpy or tolerantof gays is ridiculedand shunnedby other fraternities. Militantheterosexualityis frequentlyused by men as a strategyto keep each other in line (Kimmel 1987). Financialaffluence or wealth, a male-associatedvalue in Americanculture, is highly valued by fraternities. In accountingfor why the fraternity involved in the gang rape that precipitatedour researchproject had been recognized recently as â€Å"the best fraternitychapterin the United States,† a had universityofficial said: â€Å"They were good-looking, a big fraternity, lots Afterthe rape,newspaof BMWs [expensive, German-made automobiles]. † per stories described the fraternitymembers’ affluence, noting the high numberof memberswho owned expensive cars(St. PetersburgTimes,1988). The Statusand Normsof Pledgeship A pledge (sometimes called an associate member)is a new recruitwho occupies a trialmembershipstatusfor a specific periodof time. The pledge period (typically rangingfrom 10 to 15 weeks) gives fraternitybrothersan to opportunity assess and socialize new recruits. Pledges evaluatethe fraternity also and decide if they want to become brothers. The socialization 462 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 experience is structured partly through assignment of a Big Brother to each pledge. Big Brothers are expected to teach pledges how to become a brother and to support them as they progress through the trial membership period. Some pledges are repelled by the pledging experience, which can entail physical abuse; harsh discipline; and demands to be subordinate, follow orders, and engage in demeaning routines and activities, similar to those used by the military to â€Å"make men out of boys† during boot camp. Characteristics of the pledge experience are rationalized by fraternity members as necessary to help pledges unite into a group, rely on each other, and join together against outsiders. The process is highly masculinist in execution as well as conception. A willingness to submit to authority, follow orders, and do as one is told is viewed as a sign of loyalty, togetherness, and unity. Fraternity pledges who find the pledge process offensive often drop out. Some do this by openly quitting, which can subject them to ridicule by brothers and other pledges, or they may deliberately fail to make the grades necessary for initiation or transfer schools and decline to reaffiliate with the fraternity on the new campus. One fraternity pledge who quit the fraternity he had pledged described an experience during pledgeship as follows: This one guy was always picking on me. No matterwhat I did, I was wrong. One nightafterdinner,he and two otherguys called me andtwo otherpledges into the chapterroom. He said,†Here,X, hold this 25 poundbag of ice at arms’ length ’til I tell you to stop. † I did it even though my arms and hands were killing me. When I asked if I could stop, he grabbedme aroundthe throatand lifted me off the floor. I thoughthe would choke me to death. He cussed me andcalled me all kindsof names. He took one of my fingersandtwistedit until it nearlybroke†¦. I stayed in the fraternity a few more days, but then I for decided to quit. I hatedit. Those guys are sick. They like seeing you suffer. Fraternities’ emphasis on toughness, withstanding pain and humiliation, obedience to superiors, and using physical force to obtain compliance contributes to an interpersonal style that de-emphasizes caring and sensitivity but fosters intragroup trust and loyalty. If the least macho or most critical pledges drop out, those who remain may be more receptive to, and influenced by, masculinist values and practices that encourage the use of force in sexual relations with women and the covering up of such behavior (cf. Kanin 1967). Norms and Dynamics of Brotherhood Brother is the status occupied by fraternity men to indicate their relations to each other and their membership in a particular fraternity organization or group. Brother is a male-specific status; only males can become brothers, although women can become â€Å"Little Sisters,† a form of pseudomembership. Martin, Hummer / FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 463 is â€Å"Becominga brother† a riteof passagethatfollows the consistentandoften masculine qualitiesand behavlengthy display by pledges of appropriately iors. Brothershave a quasi-familialrelationshipwith each other,are normatively said to share bonds of closeness and support,and are sharplyset off from nonmembers. Brotherhoodis a loosely defined termused to represent the bonds that develop among fraternitymembersand the obligations and expectationsincumbentupon them (cf. Marloweand Auvenshine [1982] on fraternities’ in failureto encourage†moraldevelopment† freshmanpledges). Some of our respondentstalked about brotherhood almost reverential in One terms,viewing it as the most valuablebenefit of fraternity membership. enior, a business-school majorwho had been affiliated with a fairly highstatus fraterity throughout four years on campus,said: Brotherhood friendship life,whichI consider bestaspect, for its spurs although I didn’t it thatwaywhenIjoined. Brotherhood see It bondsandunites. instills valuesof caringaboutone another, caringaboutcommunity, caringabout ourselves. valuesandbonds brotherhood] The over [of con tinually develop the fouryears[incollege]whilenormal comeandgo. friendships Despite this idealization,most aspects of fraternity practiceand conception are more mundane. Brotherhood often plays itself out as an overriding concern with masculinityand, by extension, femininity. As a consequence, fraternities comprisecollectivities of highly masculinizedmen with attitudinal qualities and behavioralnorms thatpredisposethem to sexual coercion of women (cf. Kanin1967; Merton1985; Rapaport Burkhart and 1984). The norms of masculinity are complemented by conceptions of women and femininity that are equally distortedand stereotypedand that may enhance the probability of women’s exploitation (cf. Ehrhartand Sandler 1985; Sanday 1981, 1986). Practices Brotherhood of Practices associated with fraternitybrotherhoodthat contributeto the sexual coercion of women include a preoccupationwith loyalty, group protectionand secrecy, use of alcohol as a weapon, involvementin violence and physical force, and an emphasison competitionand superiority. Loyalty, group protection, and secrecy. Loyalty is a fraternity preoccuand pation. Membersare remindedconstantlyto be loyal to the fraternity to their brothers. Among other ways, loyalty is played out in the practicesof mustbe shieldedfromcriticism. groupprotectionand secrecy. The fraternity Members are admonishedto avoid getting the fraternityin trouble and to 464 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 bring all problems†to the chapter†(local branchof a nationalsocial fraterthanto outsiders. Fraternities to protectthemselvesfromclose try nity) rather Council(a quasi-governing body scrutinyandcriticismby the Interfraternity composed of representativesfrom all social fraternitieson campus), their nationaloffice, universityofficials, law enforcement,the media, fraternity’s often takesprecedenceover what and the public. Protectionof the fraternity is procedurally, ethically,or legally correct. Numerousexampleswere related brothers’lying to outsidersto â€Å"protectthe fraternity. † to us of fraternity Groupprotectionwas observed in the alleged gang rapecase with which we began our study. Except for one brother,a rapist who turned state’s evidence, the entire remainingfraternitymembershipwas accused by uniMemversity and criminaljustice officials of lying to protectthe fraternity. bers consistently failed to cooperateeven though the alleged crimes were felonies, involved only four men (two of whom were not even membersof the local chapter),and the victim of the crime nearly died. According to a with officers repeatedlybrokeappointments grandjury’s findings, fraternity law enforcementofficials, refusedto providepolice with a list of members, and refused to cooperatewith police and prosecutorsinvestigatingthe case (Florida Flambeau, 1988). Secrecy is a priority value and practice in fraternities,partly because and see full-fledgedmembershipis premisedon it (for confirmation, Ehrhart Sandler 1985; Longino and Kart 1973; Roark 1987). Secrecy is also a mechanism,demarcating in-groupfromout-group,us boundary-maintaining from them. Secret rituals, handshakes,and mottoes are revealed to pledge Since only brothersare brothersas they are initiatedinto full brotherhood. secrets,such knowledgeaffirmsmembership supposedto knowa fraternity’s fromothers. Extending and in the fraternity separatesa brother secrecytactics from protectionof private knowledge to protectionof the fraternityfrom criticismis a predictable development. Ourinterviewsindicatedthatindividual membersknew the difference between right and wrong, but fraternity normsthatemphasize loyalty,groupprotection,and secrecy often overrode of standards ethical correctness. men is normative. Alcohol as weapon. Alcohol use by fraternity They use it on weekdays to relax after class and on weekends to â€Å"get drunk,†Ã¢â‚¬ get crazy,† and â€Å"get laid. † The use of alcohol to obtain sex from women is pervasive- in otherwords, it is used as a weapon againstsexual reluctance. According to several fraternitymen whom we interviewed, alcohol is the major tool used to gain sexual mastery over women (cf. Adams and and Abarbanel1988; Ehrhart Sandler1985). One fraternity man, a 21-year- Martin, Hummer/ FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 465 old senior,describedalcohol use to gain sex as follows: â€Å"Therearegirls that you know will fuck, then some you have to put some effort into it†¦. You have to buy them drinksor find out if she’s drunkenough†¦. † mansaid thatat parties A similarstrategyis used collectively. A fraternity with LittleSisters:†Weprovidethemwith ‘hunchpunch’andthingsget wild. We get themdrunkandmost of the guys end upwith one. â€Å"† ‘Hunchpunch,† he said, â€Å"is a girls’ drink made up of overproof alcohol and powdered Kool-Aid, no water or anything,just ice. It’s very strong. Two cups will do a numberon a female. † He had plans in the next academictermto surreptitiously give hunchpunchto women in a â€Å"primand proper† sororitybecause â€Å"havingsex with prim and propersororitygirls is definitely a goal. These women are a challenge because they â€Å"won’t openly consume alcohol and commitwon’t get openly drunkas hell. † Their sororities have â€Å"standards tees† that forbidheavy drinkingand easy sex. In the gang rapecase, oursource ssaidthatmanyfraternity on campus men believed the victim had a drinkingproblem and was thus an â€Å"easy make. † According to newspaper accounts, she had been drinking alcohol on the evening she was raped;the lead assailantis alleged to havegiven hera bottle of wine aftershe arrivedat his fraternity house. Portionsof the rapeoccurred in a shower, and the victim was reportedlyso drunkthather assailantshad difficulty holding her in a standingposition (TallahasseeDemocrat, 1988a). While raping her, her assailantsrepeatedlytold her they were membersof anotherfraternityunderthe apparentbelief that she was too drunkto know the difference. Of course, if she was too drunkto know who they were, she was too drunkto consent to sex (cf. Allgeier 1986; Tash 1988). One respondent told us that gang rapes are wrong and can get one expelled, but he seemed to see nothingwrong in sexual coercionone-on-one. He seemed unawarethat the use of alcohol to obtain sex from a woman is grounds for a claim that a rape occurred(cf. Tash 1988). Few women on campus (who also may not know these grounds)reportdate rapes,however; so the odds of detectionand punishmentare slim for fraternity men who use alcohol for â€Å"seduction†purposes (cf. Byington and Keeter 1988; Merton 1985). Violence and physical force. Fraternity men have a historyof violence (Ehrhartand Sandler 1985; Roark 1987). Their recordof hazing, fighting, property destruction,and rape has caused them problems with insurance companies (Bradford1986; Pressley 1987). Two universityofficials told us that fraternities†arethe thirdriskiest propertyto insurebehind toxic waste dumps and amusementparks. â€Å"Fraternitiesare increasinglydefendantsin 466 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 legal actionsbroughtby pledges subjectedto hazing(Meyer 1986; Pressley 1987) and by women who were rapedby one or more members. In a recent alleged gang rape incident at anotherFloridauniversity,prosecutorsfailed nevertheto file chargesbut the victim filed a civil suit againstthe fraternity less (TallahasseeDemocrat, 1989). Competition and superiority. Interfraternity rivalry fosters in-group nd identification out-grouphostility. Fraternities stressprideof membership rivalries over otherfraternities majorgoals. Interfraternity as and superiority take manyforms,includingcompetitionfor desirablepledges, size of pledge size and appearance fraternity of class, size of membership, house, superiority in intramural sports,highestgrade-point averages,giving the best partie s, gaining the best or most campusleadershiproles, and, of great importance, attractingand displaying â€Å"good looking women. † Rivalry is particularly intenseover members,intramural sports,andwomen (cf. Messner 1989). FRATERNITIES’ COMMODIFICATIONOF WOMEN In claiming that women are treatedby fraternitiesas commodities, we mean that fraternitiesknowingly, and intentionally,use women for their benefit. Fraternitiesuse women as bait for new members, as servers of brothers’needs, and as sexual prey. Women as bait. Fashionablyattractivewomen help a fraternityattract new members. As one fraternity man, a junior,said, â€Å"They are good bait. † Beautiful,sociable women are believed to impressthe rightkind of pledges and give the impressionthatthe fraternity deliverthis type of woman to can of its members. Photographs shapely,attractive coeds areprintedin fraternity and brochures videotapesthataredistributed shownto potentialpledges. and The women pictured are often dressed in bikinis, at the beach, and are One universityofficial says picturedhugging the brothersof the fraternity. such recruitment materials give the message:†Hey,they’reherefor you, you can have whateveryou want,†and, â€Å"we have the best looking women. Join us and you can have them too. † Anothercommented:†Something’swrong when malesjoin an all-male organizationas the best place to meet women. It’s so illogical. Fraternities compete in promisingaccess to beautifulwomen. One fratera senior,commentedthat†theattraction girls [i. e. , a fraternity’s of nity man, success in attractingwomen] is a big status symbol for fraternities. † One Martin, Hummer/ FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 467 universityofficial commented that the use of women as a recruitingtool is that so well entrenchedthat fraternities mightbe willing to forgo it say they cannot afford to unless other fraternitiesdo so as well. One fraternityman said, â€Å"Look, if we don’t have Little Sisters, the fraternitiesthat do will get all the good pledges. Another said, â€Å"We won’t have as good a rush [the period duringwhich new membersare assessed and selected] if we don’t have these women around. † In displaying good-looking, attractive,skimpily dressed, nubile women to potentialmembers,fraternities implicitly,andsometimesexplicitly,promise sexualaccess to women. One fraternity mancommentedthat†part what of being in a fraternityis all about is the sex† and explainedhow his fraternity uses Little Sisters to recruitnew members: We’ll tell the sweetheart termfor Little Sister],†You’re [the fraternity’s We’lltell herto fakea scamandshe’llgo hang you gorgeous; canget him. all over him duringa rushparty,kiss him, and he thinkshe’s done wonderful and wants to join. The girls thinkit’s great too. It’s flatteringfor them. Women as servers. The use of women as servers is exemplified in the LittleSisterprogram. LittleSistersareundergraduate women who arerushed and selected in a mannerparallelto the recruitment fraternitymen. They of are affiliatedwith the fraternityin a formalbut unofficialway and are able, indeed required,to wear the fraternity’s Greek letters. Little Sisters are not nationaloffices and members,however;andfraternity full-fledgedfraternity most universities do not register or regulate them. Each fraternityhas an officer called Little Sister Chairmanwho oversees their organizationand activities. The Little Sisters elect officers among themselves, pay monthly dues to the fraternity, have well-defined roles. Theirdues areused to pay and for the fraternity’s social events, andLittle Sistersareexpected to attendand hostess fraternity partiesand hang aroundthe house to make it a â€Å"nice place to be. One fraternity man, a senior, described Little Sisters this way: â€Å"They are very social girls, willing to join in, be affiliated with the group, devoted to the fraternity. † Anothermember,a sophomore,said: â€Å"Theirsole purpose is social- attendparties,attractnew members,and ‘take care’ of the guys. † Our observations and interviews suggested that women selected by fra- ternitiesas LittleSist ers are physicallyattractive,possess good social skills, and are willing to devote time and energy to the fraternity its members. nd One undergraduate woman gave the following job description for Little Sisters to a campus newspaper: It’s not just making appearancesat all the parties but entails many more responsibilities. You’regoing to be expected to go to all the intramural games 468 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 to cheerthe brothers supportandencouragethepledges,andjust be around on, to bringsome extra life to the house. [As a Little Sister] you have to agree to take on a new responsibilityother thanstudyingto maintainyour grades and managingto keep your checkbook frombouncing. You have to make time to be a part of the fraternityand support the brothers in all they do. (The Tomahawk, 1988) The title of Little Sister reflects women’s subordinate status; fraternity men in a parallel role are called Big Brothers. Big Brothers assist a sorority primarily with the physical work of sorority rushes, which, compared to fraternity rushes, are more formal, structured, and intensive. Sorority rushes take place in the daytime and fraternity rushes at night so fraternity men are free to help. According to one fraternity member, Little Sister status is a benefit to women because it gives them a social outlet and â€Å"the protection of the brothers. † The gender-stereotypic conceptions and obligations of these Little Sister and Big Brother statuses indicate that fraternities and sororities promote a gender hierarchy on campus that fosters subordination and dependence in women, thus encouraging sexual exploitation and the belief that it is acceptable. Women as sexual prey. Little Sisters are a sexual utility. Many Little Sisters do not belong to sororitiesand lack peer supportfor refrainingfrom unwanted sexual relations. One fraternityman (whose fraternityhas 65 â€Å"wholesale†in the membersand 85 Little Sisters) told us they hadrecruited access to women that prioryear to â€Å"get lots of new women. â€Å"The structural the Little Sisterprogramprovidesand the absenceof normativesupportsfor refusing fraternitymembers’ sexual advances may make women in this susceptible to coerced sexual encounterswith fraterprogramparticularly nity men. Access to women for sexual gratificationis a presumedbenefit of fraternity membership, promised in recruitment materials and strategies and man said: conversationswith new recruits. One fraternity throughbrothers’ â€Å"We always tell the guys that you get sex all the time, there’salways new girls†¦. AfterI became a Greek,I foundout I could be with females at will. † A universityofficial told us that, based on his observations,†no one [i. e. , Theyjust want fraternity men] on this campuswants to have ‘relationships. ‘ men plan and execute strategiesaimed at to have fun [i. e. , sex]. † Fraternity obtaining sexual gratification, and this occurs at both individual and collective levels. Individualstrategiesincludegetting a woman drunkandspendinga great deal of money on her. As for collective strategies,most of our undergraduate interviewees agreed that fraternity parties often culminatein sex and that this Martin, Hummer / FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 469 outcome is planned. One fraternity man said fraternity partiesoften involve sex andnudityandcan â€Å"turninto orgies. â€Å"Orgiesmay be plannedin advance, such as the Bowery Ball party held by one fraternity. formerfraternity A membersaid of this party: The entireideabehindthis is sex. Bothmenandwomencometo the party Thereare pornographic wearinglittleor nothing. pinupson the walls and usuallypornomovies playingon the TV. The musiccarriessexualovertones†¦. Theyjustget schnockered and, [drunk] in mostcases,theyalsoget laid. When asked about the women who come to such a party,he said: â€Å"Some Little Sistersjust won’t go†¦. The girls who do are looking for a good time, girls who don’t know what it is, things like that. † Otherrespondents deniedthatfraternity partiesareorgies butsaid thatsex is always talkedaboutamongthe brothers they all know†whoeach other and is doing it with. â€Å"One membersaid thatmost of the time, guys have sex with theirgirlfriends†butwith socials, girlfriendsaren’tallowed to come and it’s their [members’] big chance [to have sex with other women]. The use of alcohol to help them get women into bed is a routinestrategyat fraternity parties. CONCLUSIONS In general, our researchindicatedthat the organizationand membership of fraternities contributeheavily to coercive andoften violent sex. Fraternity houses are occupied by same-sex (all men) and same-age ( late teens, early twenties) peers whose maturityand judgment is often less than ideal. Yet houses areprivatedwellings thatare mostlyoff-limitsto, andaway fraternity from scrutinyof, universityand communityrepresentatives, with the result that fraternity house events seldom come to the attention of outsiders. Practices associated with the social constructionof fraternitybrotherhood emphasize a macho conception of men and masculinity,a narrow,stereoof typed conception of women and femininity,and the treatment women as commodities. Otherpractices contributingto coercive sexual relationsand the cover-upof rapesincludeexcessive alcoholuse, competitiveness, norand mative supportfor deviance and secrecy (cf. Bogal-Allbritten Allbritten and 1985; Kanin 1967). Some fraternity norms require practices exacerbateothers. Brotherhood â€Å"sticking together† regardless of right or wrong; thus rape episodes are unlikely to be stoppedor reportedto outsiders,even when witnesses disap- 470 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 and prove. The abilityto use alcoholwithoutscrutinyby authorities alcohol’s frequentassociationwithviolence, includingsexualcoercion,facilitatesrape in fraternityhouses. Fraternity normsthatemphasizethe value of maleness and masculinityover femaleness and femininityand that elevate the status of men and lower the statusof women in members’eyes underminepercepand tions andtreatment women as personswho deserveconsideration care of Merton1985). nd (cf. Ehrhart Sandler1985; Androgynousmen and men with a broadrangeof interestsand attributes are lost to fraternitiesthroughtheir recruitment practices. Masculinityof a createattitudes, andstereotypical narrow norms,andpracticesthat type helps men to coerce women sexually, both individuallyand predisposefraternity collectively (Allgeier 1986; Hood 1989; Sanday 1981, 1986). Male athletes on campus may be similarly disposed for the same reasons (Kirshenbaum 1989; Telanderand Sullivan 1989). Researchinto the social contextsin which rapecrimesoccurandthesocial constructions associated with these contexts illumine rape dynamics on campus. Blanchard(1959) found that group rapes almost always have a leaderwho pushesothersintothe crime. He also foundthatthe leader’slatent homosexuality,desire to show off to his peers, or fear of failing to prove himself a man are frequentlyan impetus. Fraternitynorms and practices contributeto the approvalanduse of sexual coercion as an acceptedtactic in relationswith women. Alcohol-inducedcomplianceis normative,whereas, use presumably, of a knife,gun,or threatof bodilyharmwould notbe because the woman who â€Å"drinkstoo much† is viewed as â€Å"causing her own rape† and (cf. Ehrhart Sandler1985). Our research led us to conclude that fraternitynorms and practices influence membersto view the sexual coercionof women, which is a felony crime, as sport,a contest,or a game (cf. Sato 1988). This sportis playednot between men and women but between men and men. Womenare the pawns or prey in the interfraternity rivalry game; they prove that a fraterity is successfulor prestigious. The use of women in thisway encouragesfraternity men to see women as objects and sexual coercion as sport. Today’ssocietal normssupportyoung women’s rightto engage in sex at theirdiscretion,and coercion is unnecessaryin a mutuallydesired encounter. However, nubile to young women say they preferto be â€Å"in a relationship† have sex while men say they preferto â€Å"getlaid†withouta commitment(Muehlenhard young and Linton 1987). These differencesmay reflect, in part,Americanpuritanism and men’s fears of sexual intimacyor perhapsintimacyof any kind. In a fraternitycontext, getting sex without giving emotionally demonstrates â€Å"cool† masculinity. More important,it poses no threatto the bonding and Martin, Hummer / FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 471 brotherhood Farr1988). Drinkinglargequantities loyalty of the fraternity (cf. of alcohol before having sex suggests that â€Å"scoring†ratherthan ntrinsic sexual pleasureis a primaryconcernof fraternity men. Unless fraternities’composition, goals, structures,and practiceschange in fundamental ways, women on campuswill continue to be sexual prey for fraternity men. As all-male enclaves dedicated to opposing faculty and and to cementing in-groupties, f raternitymemberseschew administration women, any hint of homosexuality. Their version of masculinitytransforms and men with womanly characteristics, the out-group. â€Å"Womanly into men† are ostracized;feminine women are used to demonstratemembers’mascurenewedemphasison theirfoundingvalues (Longinoand linity. Encouraging Kart 1973), service orientationand activities (Lemire 1979), or members’ moral development(Marlowe and Auvenshine 1982) will have little effect on fraternities’ treatment women. A case for or againstfraternities of cannot be made by studying individual members. The fraternityqua group and organization is at issue. Located on campus along with many vulnerable women, embedded in a sexist society, and caught up in masculinistgoals, practices, and values, fraternities’violation of women-including forcible rape- should come as no surprise. NOTE 1. 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Smith, T. 1964. â€Å"Emergenceand Maintenanceof FraternalSolidarity. â€Å"Pacific Sociological Review 7:29-37. TallahasseeDemocrat. 988a. â€Å"FSU Fraternity BrothersCharged† (April 27):1A, 12A. . 1988b. â€Å"FSU InterviewingStudentsAbout Alleged Rape†(April 24):1D. . 1989. â€Å"WomanSues Stetson in Alleged Rape†(March 19):3B. BrothersChargedin Sexual Assault of FSU Coed. † (April TampaTribune. 1988. â€Å"Fraternity 27):6B. Tash, GaryB. 1988. â€Å"Date Rape. â€Å"TheEmeraldof Sigma Pi Fraternity75(4):1-2. Telander,Rick and RobertSullivan. 1989. â€Å"Special Report,You Reap WhatYou Sow. â€Å"Sports Illustrated(February 27):20-34. The Tomahawk. 1988. â€Å"A Look Back at Rush, A Mixture of Hard Work and Fun† (April/ May):3D. A Walsh,Claire. 1989. Commentsin Seminaron Acquaintance/Date Rape Prevention: National Video Teleconference,February 2. Wilder,David H. , Arlyne E. Hoyt, Dennis M. Doren, William E. Hauck,and RobertD. Zettle. 1978. â€Å"TheImpactof Fraternity SororityMembership ValuesandAttitudes. â€Å"Journal and on of College StudentPersonnel 36:445-49. Wilder, David H. , Arlyne E. Hoyt, Beth Shuster Surbeck, Janet C. Wilder, and Patricia Imperatrice Carney. 1986. â€Å"GreekAffiliation and Attitude Change in College Students. † Journal of College StudentPersonnel44:510-19. Patricia Yancey Martinis Daisy ParkerFlory AlumniProfessor,Departmentof Sociology, Florida State University. Her specialties are the sociology of organizations,work, and gender. She has publishedon theprocessingof rape victimsbyformal organizations and has forthcomingarticles on rape crisis centers,feminist organizations,womenin social welfare work,and gender relations in the South. RobertA. Hummeris a graduate student in the Sociology Departmentand Centerfor the Studyof Populationat FloridaState University. He is workingon his master’sthesis regardingthe causes of Hispanic infantmortality. His researchinterestsinclude social stratificationand infant mortalityand the study of rape by college athletes.